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The most significant form of musical expression of African American culture and arguably the most outstanding contribution the United States has made to the art of music. Origins of Jazz
Jazz developed in the latter part of the 19th century from black work songs, field shouts, sorrow songs, hymns, and American Negro spirituals whose harmonic, rhythmic, and melodic elements were predominantly African. Because of its spontaneous, emotional, and improvisational character, and because it is basically of black origin and association, jazz has to some extent not been accorded the degree of recognition it deserves. European audiences have often been more receptive to jazz, and thus many American jazz musicians have become expatriates.
At the outset, jazz was slow to win acceptance by the general public, not only because of its cultural origin, but also because it tended to suggest loose morals and low social status. However, jazz gained a wide audience when white orchestras adapted or imitated it, and became legitimate entertainment in the late 1930s when Benny Goodman led racially mixed groups in concerts at Carnegie Hall. Show tunes became common vehicles for performance, and, while the results were exquisite, rhythmic and harmonic developments were impeded until the mid-1940s.
Jazz is generally thought to have begun in New Orleans, spreading to Chicago, Kansas City, New York City, and the West Coast. The blues, vocal and instrumental, was and is a vital component of jazz, which includes, roughly in order of appearance: ragtime; New Orleans or Dixieland jazz; swing; bop, or bebop; progressive, or cool, jazz; neo-bop, or hard-bop; third stream; mainstream modern; Latin-jazz; jazz-rock; and avant-garde or free jazz. Ragtime
The earliest form of jazz to exert a wide appeal, ragtime was basically a piano style emphasizing syncopation and polyrhythm. Scott Joplin and Irving Berlin were major composers and performers of ragtime. From about 1893 to the beginning of World War I this music was popularized through sheet music and player-piano rolls. In the early 1970s, ragtime, particularly Joplin's works, had a popular revival. Swing
Originating in Kansas City and Harlem in the late 1920s and becoming a national craze, swing was marked by the substitution of orchestration for improvisation and a rhythm that falls between the beats. The average big band had about 15 members (five reeds, five brass, piano, bass, and drums) and could generate overwhelming volume or evince the most subtle articulations. The bands of Duke Ellington and Count Basie were, and remain, the finest practitioners of this idiom, while those of Fletcher Henderson, Jimmy Lunceford, Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Glenn Miller, Tommy Dorsey, and Harry James were also outstanding. The music was often written to showcase soloists who were, or were intended to be, supported by the ensemble. New Orleans Jazz
New Orleans, or Dixieland, jazz is played by small bands usually made up of cornet or trumpet, clarinet, trombone, and a rhythm section that includes bass, drums, guitar, and sometimes piano. When the band marched, as it often did in the early days, the piano and bass were omitted and a tuba was used. The three lead instruments provide a contrapuntal melody above the steady beat of the rhythm, and individualities of intonation and phrasing, with frequent use of vibrato and glissando, give the music its warm and highly personal quality. The music ranged from funeral dirges to the exuberant songs of Mardi Gras.
The pioneer black New Orleans jazz band of Buddy Bolden was formed in the 1890s. The Original Dixieland Jazz Band and the New Orleans Rhythm Kings, both white bands, successfully introduced jazz to the northern United States. The closing in 1917 of the notorious Storyville district of New Orleans produced an exodus of jazz musicians. Many went to Chicago, where the New Orleans style survived in the bands of King Oliver, and later in the music of Louis Armstrong, Jelly Roll Morton, and Johnny Dodds. Fate Marable, who had played on Mississippi riverboats since 1910, now began to organize riverboat jam sessions with outstanding musicians.
Meanwhile, distinctive styles developed in many cities, evolved by younger musicians who stressed a single melodic line rather than the New Orleans counterpoint. Bix Beiderbecke, a cornetist and pianist and a major Chicago-style musician, was influential in developing more complex melodic lines. Jazz spread to Kansas City, Los Angeles, and New York City. Progressive Jazz
After beginning in New York City, progressive, or cool, jazz developed primarily on the West Coast in the late 1940s and early 50s. Intense yet ironically relaxed tonal sonorities are the major characteristic of this jazz form, while the melodic line is less convoluted than in bop. Lester Young's style was fundamental to the music of the cool saxophonists Lee Konitz, Warne Marsh, and Stan Getz. Miles Davis played an important part in the early stages, and the influence of virtuoso pianist Lennie Tristano was all-pervasive. The music was accepted more gracefully by the public and critics than bop, and the pianist Dave Brubeck became its most widely known performer. Later Trends
By the mid-1950s a form of neo-bop, or hard-bop, had arisen on the East Coast. John Coltrane, Sonny Rollins, Cannonball Adderley, Horace Silver, Art Blakey, and Max Roach led various small groups that produced an idiom marked by crackling, explosive, uncompromising intensity. About the same period, a number of outstanding musician-composers, including Gunther Schuller and John Lewis of the Modern Jazz Quartet, produced third stream; jazz, essentially a blend of classical music and jazz. Jazz has also been successfully combined with Afro-Latin music, as in the music of Candido, Machito, Eddie Palmieri, and Mongo Santamaria.
In the last half of the 1950s there were three major trends in contemporary jazz. First, a general modern jazz form had developed in the period since World War II, which can be called mainstream, best exemplified by the music of Gerry Mulligan's various bands. Second, a number of instruments that either had never been used seriously in jazz, such as the flute, oboe, and flgelhorn, or had been unpopular, such as the soprano saxophone, were used to bring new instrumental voices into the music. Third, avant-garde or free jazz leaders such as John Coltrane, Ornette Coleman, Eric Dolphy, Pharaoh Sanders, Archie Shepp, Cecil Taylor, and Rahsaan Roland Kirk continued to explore new harmonic, melodic, and rhythmic relationships. The new jazz is often atonal, and traditional melodic instruments often assume rhythmic-percussive roles and vice versa.
In the late 1960s many jazz musicians, such as Miles Davis, Wayne Shorter, Larry Coryell, Gary Burton, Keith Jarrett, and Chick Corea, investigated the connections between rock and jazz in a musical style known as fusion. After the rapid innovations of the 1960s and 70s, the jazz of the 1980s appeared less form-bending and somewhat revivalist, with musicians reluctant to follow trends and accept labels. Some of the prominent jazz artists of the 1980s and 90s include Wynton and Branford Marsalis, Terence Blanchard, David Murray, John Carter, and Henry Threadgill.
Jazz artists in America have suffered much and received little. In many cases the misery of their lives and public indifference have driven them to find relief in drugs and alcohol. Despite hardships they have produced a richly varied art form in which improvisation and experimentation are imperative; jazz promises continued growth in directions as yet unforeseeable. Blues
The heart of jazz, the blues is a musical form now standardized as 12 bars, based on the tonic, dominant, and subdominant chords. The blue notes are the flatted third and seventh. A statement is made in the first four bars, repeated (sometimes with slight variation) in the next four, and answered or commented on in the last four. In vocal blues the lyrics are earthy and direct and are mostly concerned with basic human problemslove and sex, poverty, and death. The tempo may vary, and the mood ranges from total despair to cynicism and satire.
Basing his songs on traditional blues, W. C. Handy greatly increased the popularity of the idiom. Important vocal blues stylists include Blind Lemon Jefferson, Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly), Lightnin' Sam Hopkins, Robert Johnson, Gertrude (Ma) Rainey, Bertha (Chippie) Hill, Bessie Smith, Billie Holiday, Dinah Washington, and Muddy Waters. Bop
The vigor of the music notwithstanding, a revolt against the confining nature of the harmony, melody, and rhythm of swing arose in Kansas City and Harlem in the 1930s and reached fruition in the mid-40s. The new music, called bebop or rebop (later shortened to bop), was rejected at first by many critics. Bop was characterized by the flatted fifth, a more elaborate rhythmic structure, and a harmonic rather than melodic focus. Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonius Monk, Kenny Clarke, and Charlie Christian were major influences in the new music, which became the basis for modern jazz. The influence of two swing musicians, the tenor saxophonist Lester Young and the drummer Jo Jones, was of paramount importance in influencing the harmonic and rhythmic direction of bop. Bibliography
See Gunther Schuller, Early Jazz (1968) and The Swing Era (1989); Albert McCarthy et al., Jazz on Record: The First Fifty Years (1969); Martin Williams, The Jazz Tradition (1970); Frank Kofsky, Black Nationalism and the Revolution in Music (1970); Donald Kennington, The Literature of Jazz (1971); L. G. Feather, ed., The New Edition of the Encyclopedia of Jazz (1972); Hughes Panassi, The Real Jazz (1960, repr. 1973). For blues see Charles Keil, Urban Blues (1966); Paul Oliver, Aspects of the Blues Tradition (1970); Joachim Berendt, The Jazz Book (1984); Whitney Balliett, 56 Portraits in Jazz (1986). For ragtime see W. J. Schafer and Johannes Riedel, The Art of Ragtime (1974); Garry Giddins, Riding on a Blue Note (1981).
Additional Jazz ResourcesReisebericht: Summer School in Turku, Finnland "Jazz"
http://www.informatik.uni-kiel.de/~bls/Turku/index-d.html
Elite Video "Jazzy Walk"
http://www.elitevideo.com/music/music.htm
Dirk Benedict aka 1Lt. Templeton "Face" Peck "HE'S ON THE JAZZ"
http://www.eurekanet.com/~suprphreke/ateam/face.htm
A-Team
http://www.ews.uiuc.edu/~pdorgan/ateam.html
Hannibalilitis? Come on in! "Jazz"
http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Academy/6677/hannib.htm
"HE'S ON THE JAZZ"
http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Bungalow/8401/soundspage.html
A-Team sounds
http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Makeup/3972/ateamsounds.html
Sounds of "The A-Team"
http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Studio/7677/sounds.html
The Ultimate A-Team Site: Face Embedded File
http://www.geocities.com/TelevisionCity/Set/4914/face.html
"Face DoING AN IMPERSONATION OF HANNIBAL"
http://www.pacificcoast.net/~becks/SOUNDS.HTM
The A-Team, The sounds
"HE'S ON THE JAZZ"
http://www.xs4all.nl/~jmm/a-team/sounds.html
hannawav "Jazzy Music"
http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Bungalow/8673/hannawav.html
BELLROSE MUSIC "Jazz Dance"
http://www.soundwaves.com/Bellrose/
Fast Show Sounds "Jazz Club"
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/2694/fastwav.html
The Image Gallery "Buy This Music"
http://www.trivnet.com/demo/gallery/gal2.html
The A-Team - a tribute to the eighties tv show "They're on The Jazz (Face)"
http://lavender.fortunecity.com/fulbourne/82/ateam.html
Id Bureauet: Multimedie
http://www.idebureauet.dk/mm256.html
Red Hot and Cool Jazz
http://members.aol.com/jlackritz/jazz/
Ar Raktres PIRATA
http://www.ifremer.fr/orstom/pirata/piratbzh.html
Sounds "Sound 08"
http://www.argonet.co.uk/users/dunstan/sounds/sounds.html
River of Song: Extension lessons 1
http://www.pbs.org/riverofsong/teachers/ext1.html
Tale Ognenovski, Genius Virtuoso of the Clarinet, Carnegie Hall Concert,
1956 "JAAZ improvisations, composer Tale Ognenovski, soloist on clarinet
Tale Ognenovski"
http://www.taleognenovski.com.mk/
The New Orleans Hot Lips Jazz Orchestra
http://www.peterknechtli.ch/HOTLIPS.HTM
TF voices "Hey this is not my scene!"
http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Shire/1139/
Sounds
http://www.websites.uk.com/docs/sounds.html
Apollo Brass
http://www.apollobrass.com/apollobrass/index.html
BMP Music Samples
http://www.boothmusic.com/sounds.html
The Music Bakery - .WAV Selections "Contemporary Jazz"
http://www.musicbakery.com/wav.html
samples
http://www.kglongware.com/shortcuts/samples.htm
Pricing Plans
http://www.emeraldesigns.com/pricing1.htm
OVERSEER - sounds
http://www.sensei.co.uk/overseer/sounds.html
Silver Nemesis
http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~mark.phippen/stories/seven/silver/silvernemesis.html
New Orleans French Quarter
http://www.frenchquarter.com/
Old Traditional Jazz Band
http://www.adamski.cnet.pl/old.htm
Compare 'real sound' with different music styles played on a Guitar
http://www.strathmore-ent.co.uk/Compare%20Styles.htm
Wedding Music:Boston MA, Rhode Island:Bruce Lewis Piano/Keyboard Stylist
http://www.tiac.net/users/bruceml/pianist1.shtml
Bart Simpson's Domain "Bleeding Gum's Playing the Sax"
http://www.geocities.com/TelevisionCity/Station/6196/sounds.html
PLP Discography "Sound Sample I"
http://www.algonet.se/~larry/plp/discog.htm
"always Jazz"
http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Meadows/7113/sound.htm
Rudy's Coca-Cola Site3
http://www.geocities.com/SouthBeach/Strand/8748/rudys_coke_site3.htm
musica
http://www.bariloche.com.ar/kristal/musica.htm
"Sentimental Journey"
http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/Heights/3853/myroom/main.htm
Musique "Cliquez ici pour couter le 2nd extrait "Jazz'in collge""
http://www.ac-bordeaux.fr/Etablissement/LBerard/musique.htm
BCL: Een CD ten voordele van de Belgische Cardiologische Liga
http://wkweb3.cableinet.co.uk/eurohealth/belgium/bcl/jazz-cd.htm
BCL: Un CD au profit de la Ligue Cardiologique Belge
http://www.eurohealth.org.uk/belgium/bcl/french/jazz-cd.htm
Susan Grisanti
http://www.susangrisanti.com/
Pictures and Sounds "The Story of Jazz"
http://www.sba.muohio.edu/ylt/pictures.html
ASHM
http://www.ashm.net/
Welcome Page
http://www.enetis.net/~mikekim/index.html
Evergreen Tree "Take the 'A' Train"
http://www.vill.nakago.niigata.jp/fun/jazz/jazz00.html
Evergreen Tree "Whisper NOT"
http://www.vill.nakago.niigata.jp/fun/jazz/jazz00.html
Evergreen Tree "MOANIN"
http://www.vill.nakago.niigata.jp/fun/jazz/jazz00.html
Evergreen Tree "Easy LIVING"
http://www.vill.nakago.niigata.jp/fun/jazz/jazz00.html
AlaniSound "Jazzy version of Ironic"
http://members.aol.com/CwPxJUNZZ/Alanis2.html
Adtel Recordings "Sample 1:"
http://www.adtel.ca/protected/service2.htm
Guitar Lessons for Blues Jazz and Rock Music "Jazz Lick1"
http://www.sololicks.com/
Jazz/World Music
http://www.austinrecorddist.com/jazz.html
UMD Jazz Ensembles "Listen to Jazz Ensemble I"
http://www.d.umn.edu/music/umdjazz.html
Silk Stockings - Performed by the Ball State University Jazz Ensemble
http://www.bsu.edu/cfa/exhibit/silk.html
"Listen up."
http://www.jbproductions.com/retail.html
BENEFITS
http://www.jaals.com/benefits.htm
Adtel Recordings "Sample 2"
http://www.adtel.ca/protected/service2.htm
Jazz/World Music
http://www.austinrecorddist.com/jazz.html
Spille
http://home.c2i.net/vidolsen/espille.htm
tryout "Hard Times"
http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Underground/5465/sounds.html
This is Dave Home Page "Jazz(WAV.)"
http://www.geocities.com/SouthBeach/Lights/7216/don.html
"Listen up."
http://www.jbproductions.com/retail.html
Adtel Recordings "Sample #3"
http://www.adtel.ca/protected/service2.htm
Jazz/World Music
http://www.austinrecorddist.com/jazz.html
Dynamical Systems and Music "Jazz 3"
http://www.maths.gla.ac.uk/~km/dsysmus.htm
Untitled
http://www.da-admiral.com/wavj.html
welcome "Summertime"
http://staff.uwsuper.edu/homepage/gmoore/
"Listen up."
http://www.jbproductions.com/retail.html
Sounds "Bunch of Blues (2)"
http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Stage/1413/sounds.html
"Listen up."
http://www.jbproductions.com/retail.html
Untitled
http://www.soultrade.com/flabby/discografia.html
Jazz Singers "Click for "Stormy Weather" wav file!!!"
http://www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/Delta/9729/cfhsjazz.htm
Untitled "(001K)Blip"
http://www.warwick.ac.uk/~esuaq/jazz.htm
Jazz Wolf Club Jazz Corner
http://www.aristotle.net/~jwc/jazzcorner.htm
Index of /download/wav "Jazz BAss.wav"
http://webpalice.simplenet.com/download/wav/
The Green Room
http://www.true-playaz.co.uk/greenroom/
John Files, Bassist
http://www.notewordy.com/
"Some Jazz"
http://ocean.ucc.ie/99/dumigan/page4.html
"Jazz BLUES.wav"
http://carbon.cudenver.edu/~pmusso/artcl.html
Jake's Flextone Page
http://www.geocities.com/Nashville/Stage/4442/flextone.html
Brak's Tidal WAV
http://volatile.simplenet.com/kym/tidalwav/
"Granada Smoothie"
http://www.tayloru.edu/~music/instrumental%20ensembles.html
Porwnanie brzmie kart d wikowych
http://www.mpc.com.pl/audio/creative/probkibrzmien.html
Pee Shy: Who Let All The Monkeys Out?
http://www.polygram.com/mercury/artists/peeshy/monkey_tracks.html
"Original (130K)"
http://www.worldwidewoodshed.com/examples.htm
"One-third speed (396K)"
http://www.worldwidewoodshed.com/examples.htm
ScareCrow's Sound Stage - Victor Victoria
http://members.networx.net.au/~wayned/victor.html
Musique "5 : Jazzy (51s14 - 199Ko)"
http://building.le-village.com/jmgossart/prsmusiq.htm
Blir det roligare n s hr, mste jag skratta
http://berzelius.chestud.chalmers.se/~k96mahe/main.htm
njatnight: Jazzlamic Jihad
http://www.njatnight.com/jazzlamicjihad/tunes.htm
"The end of A Love Affair"
http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Stage/1413/sounds.html
Audio
http://www.worldm.com/zoog/z2/noflash/audio.html
Everybody Jam! Album WAV files
http://www.wonderfulworld.demon.co.uk/musicstuff/ejalbum.htm
Audio
http://www.abacist.com/audio.html
mp3/The Vocal Group Runebergin Tortut
http://www.avenet.fi/tortut/mp3.htm
Korg S3: Internal and Card Samples
http://www.ttu.ee/users/pegs/korgs3/samples.html
Tap Sounds "Tap With The Piano"
http://www.ukjtd.force9.co.uk/JazzTapUK/jazzsound.html
Jazz Police "WAV Song Clip"
http://www.leonardcohen.com/jazz.html
Oh No! Not Albert! "Kitty Got the Munchies"
http://www.erie.net/~mrpink/mrpink.html
Radio Smithsonian Program: Jazz "brief audio clip ofJazz Smithsonian"
http://www.si.edu/resource/topics/onair/airjazz.htm
Klaatu audio samples
http://klaatu.simplenet.com/klaatu/samples/samples.html
Maier Media Free Sound Clips
http://www.maiermedia.com/sounds/index.htm
MeoJazz Home Page - Sassofono: il suono
http://www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/6830/saxwav.htm
New Orleans the Big Easy
http://home.earthlink.net/~dspahrdist/
wavpage3
http://www.geocities.com/TelevisionCity/Set/5089/wavpage3.htm
Sounds of Sarah "Sweet surrender Jazzy Version"
http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Cabaret/6200/sounds.html
The Burning Vibe -= "Jazz Win95 (my startup tune)"
http://www.geocities.com/WallStreet/District/4094/groove.htm
Jacob Jansson Norberg "Steg 1"
http://www.aic.se/basslob/schoolstudents/jacobj.html
Jacob Jansson Norberg "Steg 2"
http://www.aic.se/basslob/schoolstudents/jacobj.html
Jacob Jansson Norberg "Steg 3"
http://www.aic.se/basslob/schoolstudents/jacobj.html
Jacob Jansson Norberg "Steg 4"
http://www.aic.se/basslob/schoolstudents/jacobj.html
Jacob Jansson Norberg "Steg 5"
http://www.aic.se/basslob/schoolstudents/jacobj.html
Jacob Jansson Norberg "Steg 6"
http://www.aic.se/basslob/schoolstudents/jacobj.html
Jacob Jansson Norberg "Steg 7"
http://www.aic.se/basslob/schoolstudents/jacobj.html
Ein Leben fr die Musik "Demo der Jazzters"
http://www.online.de/home/rogowski/jazz.htm
Nouvelle Musique "Jazz Violin and Guitar Duo"
http://members.aol.com/nouvmusiq/index.htm
Porwnanie brzmie kart d wikowych
http://www.mpc.com.pl/audio/creative/probkibrzmien.html
mentor.creighton.edu - /coolstuff/Audio/WAV/
http://mentor.creighton.edu/coolstuff/Audio/WAV/
Index of /pt/shared/wavs
http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/pt/shared/wavs/
"A little jazz...."
http://www.greenapple.com/~ctimms/WavpageA.html
Non-English Link
http://www2r.biglobe.ne.jp/~Shingo/History_HP.html
index3-1 "MUZIEKJE MISSCHIEN?"
http://www.iae.nl/users/petefanc/index3-1.htm
Mojo Hand - Music
http://www.petrov-petrov.si/~mojohand/html/music.html
Mat's page "(001K)Blip"
http://www.matwilk.dircon.co.uk/music.htm
the w i n d: a braids fanpage "Jazzy Life"
http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Garage/7774/clips.htm
Technics Sound Demos "Jazz"
http://www.panasonic.com/consumer_electronics/technics_musical/demos.htm
Technics Sound Demos "Jazz Organ 2"
http://www.panasonic.com/consumer_electronics/technics_musical/demos.htm
Ford Fairlane wavs "- Jazz... I told you to dress nice! Not... nice!
http://www.df.lth.se/~viking/ford.html
NWJO Recordings and Sound Clips "Jazz BATTLE
http://www.dixiejazz.com/nwjocd.htm
Index of /~makepage/cgi-bin/sesoon
http://base.yonsei.ac.kr/~makepage/cgi-bin/sesoon/
Hmmm.. Could Be Anything! - Mad Mud's Wicked Web Experiment
"Jazzy Panther Wav File"
http://www.swift1.com/hmmm.htm
Scatman WAV files "Jazz Level"
http://www.wonderfulworld.demon.co.uk/musicstuff/scatman.htm
Jazz Band "Jazz II plays their ballad "Sara's Song"
http://victorian.fortunecity.com/canterbury/653/jazz.html
Msica "Jazz Huachaca"
http://www.eduardoparra.scd.cl/musica.htm
"Jazzy und Lee von Tic Tac Two
http://www.sara-ttt.de/info.html
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